CFD modeling of 2D asymmetric entry impact along with horizontal velocity

The 2D impact phenomenon in calm water, considering asymmetric entry and asymmetric entry with horizontal velocity is studied. The analysis was performed by using a commercial CFD software (STARCCM+ ©). The results obtained from the simulations are: pressure distribution, force and roll moment. The study was carried out for typical planing boat sections. Furthermore, the critical conditions required for flow separation from the keel are also determined. The results are compared with models and results obtained from some authors and they present very good agreement.

for sections with variable dead rise angle.He also evaluated the flow separation for section including knuckles.Vorus (1996) studied the 2D impact with symmetric entry for a section with variable dead rise angle, solving the problem as a boundary value problem, assuming potential flow.Based on Vorus (1996), Xu et al., (1998) analyzed the 2D impact with asymmetric entry, calculating the pressure, force and roll moment in the section.Seif et al., (2005) simulated the impact by using CFD tools for circular and wedge sections, considering symmetric and asymmetric entry over calm waters with vertical velocity.The results obtained are very close to Wagner (1932) and Toyama (1993).According to results, the surface tension and viscosity effects can be neglected, but the gravity effect must be considered.
To present the results, some variables were defined according to the following equations: The 2D impact phenomenon has been studied through the application of added mass theory, boundary valued problems, and CFD applications.Wagner (1932) applied added mass theory to obtain the lift force in a wedge section, as presented in Fig. 1.He also evaluated the pressure distribution assuming potential flow and applying energy conservation.Tveitnes (2001) also studied the impact applying added mass theory.He also calculated the lift force and concluded that the hydrodynamic force experienced by a wedge section under symmetric entry and constant velocity entry, is generated by the variation of mass and flow moment.Moreover, the force exerted during the impact linearly increases as the section submerges and reaches the flow separation at the

Mathematical Model
(1) (2) The conservation of mass and momentum equations were numerically solved.The commercial CFD software (STAR-CCM+) was used as a tool to solve the differential equations that govern the phenomenon.The software uses finite volume approximation, and the equations obtained from the discretization procedure are solved by using an Algebraic Multi-Grid (AMG) solver.The models used to simulate the phenomenon are: multiphase mixture (water-air), inviscid flow, segregated flow, and unsteady (implicit method).For the fluids, water was modeled as an incompressible liquid, while air was considered an ideal gas.To confirm that the viscosity and the surface tension could be neglected, some simulations were carried.The conclusions attained are similar to Seif et al., (2005), where the effects of these two variables were discarded.
The size of the computational domain was developed changing the width and the height to model the impact in calm waters over an infinite canal.The peak force during impact was monitored, and the grid size was selected when the variation of the peak force was less than 1%.The final width and height of the domain were 9B to 10B, and 5B to 12.5B, respectively.The time step was also varied considering the impact velocity and it ranged from 0.008 to 0.016 d/w.
The mesh was developed by using polyhedral elements and it was divided in three regions, as shown in Fig. 2a.Region 1 is mainly water; region 2 is a phase mixture, where the hull gets in contact with the water and the air and the free surface is generated.This area is very important for the study and because of this the mesh was refined, as shown in Fig. 2b.Region 3 is mainly air.
Figs. 2a and 2b show the mesh after a refinement process for a section.The base size of the polyhedral element took values ranging between 0.15B and 0.25B.For Regions 1 and 3, the values ranged between 0.045B and 0.100B.For Region 2, the values ranged from 0.0075B to 0.020B.The residuals values for the impact force, keel pressure, and roll moment were used as the stop criteria, and the magnitude of the global residual was limited to10 -8 , while the maximum number of inner iterations in each time step was limited to 30.

Numerical Computation
(3) (4) (5) The boundary conditions considered for modeling the asymmetric entry are: constant atmospheric pressure at the top boundary, velocity entry on the base and vertical boundaries, and wall at the hull.
The geometries simulated are presented in Fig. 3, and the results are compared with Xu et al., (1998).
Fig. 4, 5 and 6 show the results of vertical force coefficient variation with time for sections CTR-1, CTR-2 and CTR-3.
The force on the impact increases while the section immerses until the point where flow separation begins from the knuckle in side 1; after that, the force decreases.There is a second force peak, which appears when the flow separates on side 2; after that, the force decreases.The results show good agreement with the results by Xu L. (1998) before the flow separation of the knuckle.The maximum error in the peak force is 15% respect to the models by Xu L. (1998).
Figs. 7, 8, and 9 show the results of the variation of roll moment coefficient with respect to time for sections CRT-1, CRT-2, and CRT-3.As the section enters the water, the pressure distribution is asymmetric, generating a restoring moment (roll moment).The figures show that the moment increases up to the point where the flow separates from side 1.At this point, the pressures in this side are higher.When the flow separates from the knuckle, the pressure on side 1 and the moment decrease.On the other hand, the pressure on side 2 reaches a higher value than side 1, reversing the direction of the roll moment.This reversing is presented until the flow separates from side 2.
Figs. 7, 8, and 9 show great similarity with the results reported by Xu L. (1998).The maximum error in the peak moment is 29%, comparing

Results and Discussion
Asymmetric Entrance -No horizontal velocity The results attained are shown for vertical force and roll moment, and the sections considered are CRT-1, CRT-2, and CRT-3.The velocity ratios considered for the simulation were v/w= -1.0, 0.0, and 1.0.Figures 10, 11, and 12 show the vertical force coefficient variation with time for sections CRT-1, CRT-2, and CRT-3.Similar behavior is noticed when comparing with asymmetric entrance with no horizontal velocity.The force reaches peaks at the points where the flow separates from the knuckles in both sides.Furthermore, the time required for flow separation is independent from the velocity ratio.The main effect of the velocity ratio is noticed for the peak on side 2; the value obtained increases as the velocity ratio increases.Also, after the flow separation is attained, the force decreases faster when the velocity ratio is increased.
with that reported by Xu L. (1998).Also, the time required for flow separation is shorter, meaning that the jet velocity of the simulation is higher than that found by Xu L. (1998).-1,0 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 τ Figs. 13, 14, and 15 show the variation of the roll moment with time for sections CRT-1, CRT-2, and CRT-3.It is noticed that the behavior is different from that observed for asymmetric entry without horizontal velocity.There are two force peaks corresponding to flow separation from the knuckles.The velocity ratio has an important effect over the pressure distribution, generating instability over the section.In Figures 13, 14 and 15, for a velocity ratio of 1.0, instability is noted due to side 2 apparent impact velocity higher than apparent impact velocity on side 1.

Asymmetric Entrance -Horizontal velocity
As a section enters in the water under the appropriate conditions of asymmetric angle, ϕ, and velocity ratio, v/w, it is possible that flow separation occurs from the keel.To determine the zone where the transition occurs, a slamming wedge The 2D impact was modeled for asymmetric entry of different sections by using STAR -CCM+ ©.The pressure distribution was obtained, as well as the force and roll moment variation with time.The results present great similarity with those reported by Vorus (1996) and Xu L. (1998).The effect of the horizontal velocity was also analyzed for wedge sections with variable dead rise angle, determining the influence of this parameter in the force and roll moment.
The critical condition for flow separation from the keel was evaluated.The results obtained are similar, but the values are higher than the results reached by Xu L. (1998) and Judge (2000).Fig. 16 presents the critical velocity ratio, which creates flow separation from the keel for asymmetric entry of a wedge section.The graphic shows that a lower horizontal velocity component is required as the dead rise angle of the section increases.Fig. 17 shows the critical β 2 angle, which creates flow separation from the keel for asymmetric entry of a wedge section.A higher angle β 2 is required as the β 1 angle increases.Furthermore, as the velocity ratio increases, the flow separation from the keel occurs at a smaller β 2 angle.

Figure 2a .
Figure 2a.Wedge Section with symmetric entry.Computational domain mesh

Fig
Fig. 17. β 2 vs. β1 critical for the flow separation of the keel for asymmetric entry