Process of design an eco-friendly catamaran to extract aquatic plants

Resumen Proceso de Diseño de un Catamarán eco-amigable para extraer plantas acuáticas Date Received: December 12th 2018 Fecha de recepción: Diciembre 12 de 2018 Date Accepted: March 5th 2019 Fecha de aceptación: Marzo 5 de 2019 Process of design an eco-friendly catamaran to extract aquatic plants 1 Mechanical Engineer Department, Universidad de Ingeniería y Tecnología Lima, Perú. Email: leonardo.ponce@utec.edu.pe 2 Mechanical Engineer Department, Universidad de Ingeniería y Tecnología Lima, Perú. Email: jmantari@utec.edu.pe DOI: https://doi.org/10.25043/19098642.189 Ship Science & Technology Vol. 13 n.° 25 (53-65) July 2019 Cartagena (Colombia) 54 Update of dota for next itineration (2) Hull and deck design (3, 5) Keel and rudder design (6) Sail and rig design (7, 8) General arrangement (15) Propeller and engine (9) Hull and deck scantlings (12, 14) Rig dimensions (11) Weight calculations (Appendix 2) Hydrostatics and stability (4) Evaluation (16) Nonmoving water always cause certain problems in recreational lakes or in considerable size open field deposit of water, where an aquatic plant named duckweed manages to grow due to bacteria presence [14]. The main problem with this plant is that it doesn’t allow the sunlight to enter to the aquatic environment, degrading the ecosystem and also because his fast decomposition it generates not pleasant smells [14]. The plant is necessary in the lake in order to maintain the food chain in the aquatic ecosystem, however his overpopulation bring the previously mentioned problems. Currently, in recreational lakes, the duckweed doesn’t give a good aspect when the lake is opened to the visitors, the way of removed it is manually by at least 2 employees, taking at least six labor hours (Number given by the City Hall of Santiago de Surco). An eco-friendly catamaran with an extraction system could clean a lake in a at least 40% faster way, without making a lot of noise [1]. The objective of the project is to learn, design and simulate an eco-friendly vessel capable of recollect superficial plants; this means that the ways of generate power and the material of the hull constructions had to be ecological. In the design process of any type of boat, there is always going to be certain problems such as re-design the boat structure or changing the dimensions when the weight distribution of the components is already done. So is important to keep in mind the spiral methodology [1], [15]. Introduction

This paper presents the design of an eco-friendly catamaran that follows two design methodologies, one focusing in the importance in the needs of future users and the other the spiral boat design methodology. The project is going to take advantage of the unique form of a catamaran and use the space available between the points of flotation for the process of extracting small plants and light plastics from the surface of recreational lakes. With the project the esthetics and also the aquatic ecosystem of the lake would be better preserved. The application of the project, could improve the time required to recollect the duckweed and only required one operator; however, the potential of the project is significantly bigger as it could be used as a method to extract superficial contaminants in 'garbage patches' in the ocean and lakes without harming the species that still are in the zone of operation. Good practices of engineering are going to be use for the design of the catamaran, as well as for the selection of the necessary components.

Update of dota for next itineration
(2) Hull and deck design (3, 5) Keel and rudder design (6) Sail and rig design (7,8) General arrangement (15) Propeller and engine (9) Hull and deck scantlings (12,14) Rig dimensions (11) Weight calculations (Appendix 2) Hydrostatics and stability (4) Evaluation (16) Nonmoving water always cause certain problems in recreational lakes or in considerable size open field deposit of water, where an aquatic plant named duckweed manages to grow due to bacteria presence [14]. The main problem with this plant is that it doesn't allow the sunlight to enter to the aquatic environment, degrading the ecosystem and also because his fast decomposition it generates not pleasant smells [14]. The plant is necessary in the lake in order to maintain the food chain in the aquatic ecosystem, however his overpopulation bring the previously mentioned problems.
Currently, in recreational lakes, the duckweed doesn't give a good aspect when the lake is opened to the visitors, the way of removed it is manually by at least 2 employees, taking at least six labor hours (Number given by the City Hall of Santiago de Surco).
An eco-friendly catamaran with an extraction system could clean a lake in a at least 40% faster way, without making a lot of noise [1].
The objective of the project is to learn, design and simulate an eco-friendly vessel capable of recollect superficial plants; this means that the ways of generate power and the material of the hull constructions had to be ecological.

Introduction
Design Methodology

Functional Analysis
Knowing the principal objective of the project, is important to collect and measure certain necessities from a possible customer. In this case the hall of Santiago de Surco -Lima which administrate a recreational lake called "Lago de la Amistad", manifest that the vessel should accomplish certain necessities to them being interested in used it, Table 1.

The white box
The methodology offers the option to perform the analysis of the white box, this helps to consider the objectives of the project and focusing entirely in solving them. The box in Fig. 2 stablishes as input data (the problems to solve) and an output data (the project objectives). Inside the "white box", are the variables to succeed with the input data. Using the white box guarantees the usability of the project [15].
One initial step in the spiral methodology in vessel is to select the type of boat looked-for to achieve the necessities. A catamaran was the most suitable option due his unique form, his reduce draught compared with a monohull (33.3% better) and his 15% superior transversal stability [5], [7]. Also in this part is important to know the type of propulsion the boat would use, due to the objective and requirements of the consumer (Table 1) an electric motor is the best option.

Preliminary considerations
In the industry there are two types of hulls the displacement and planning hull. Th e fi rst one is designed to go through the water and second one is designed to glide on the surface of the water as the boat gains speed [2]. Since the objective of the project is to extract aquatic plants, both hulls of the catamaran are being the displacement type.
Once establishing the type of hull, the next thing is to select the hull style, in the industry they use diff erent types like round bottom, fl at bottom, v bottom and other; for the project was selected a multi displacement hull with convex round bottom style, because it present better longitudinal stability, better pressure resistance and more displacement capacity [12].

Lines drawing
Th e fi rst step before start designing the catamaran is to establish the dimensions, where the facts considered were, the maximum lengths value of a design category, the amount of duckweed estimated to recollect and an analysis of the dimensions of the boat commonly found in recreational lakes [3], [4].
By knowing the specs of the hull (Table 2) is possible with the help of a software CAD to generate the hull mesh in diff erent points of view. Th e importance of this part is to saw in perspective the design model and change or adjust diff erent parameters.

Process design
Th e CAD software used was Inventor, which presented the best tools to represent and export the model of the catamaran. Th e tool used in the program was FreeForm, which off ers symmetry and mesh generation functions.
Having the hull design ready is necessary to open the design in the software Maxsurf, to analyze his stability; for this the help of the software Rhynoceros was important to scale the design and correct the tridimensional position of the vessel model. And fi nally export it to Maxsurf to analyze.

Calculation of areas
Th e software CAD can calculate the total area of the catamaran, this is important to know the weight of the hull and the amount of material needed.
Th e hull weight was interpolated by a piece of the composite material proposed. Th e piece manufactured in the laboratory was of (25 * 70 cm), Fig. 9.
Th e total area of the hull of the catamaran was estimated in 6.121 m 2 , obtained by software Maxsurf.
Th e estimated weight of the hull was obtained as 29.845 kg.

Center of Gravity
This process represents a challenge not only because some software required a manually calibration, because after include all the components that are going to be on the boat it must state in equilibrium in the water [16].
This conditions in boats greater than 10 meters is not a problem, but in small recreational boats present some challenges. [5] With the correct distribution of the components the problems of trim, where solved. The center of gravity of the hull, and the center of gravity of all the components had to be close to succeed in this part.
The length of the catamaran was only 1.8 meters and due to the presence of solar panel, a high weight it was necessary to add against weight and a keel to balance the boat longitudinally.
In Table 3, is considering as 5 kg the aquatic plants expected to extract, this is because the catamaran it's not going to be carrying any undergrowth, instead the designed system installed in the bottom on the hull is going to drag the vegetation.
Where Lc, is longitudinal coordinate and Vc, is the vertical coordinate; Dead Weight, total amount of weight that is always on the boat; Dry Weight, total weight that depend of crew and Load.

Draught water line
Helped by the Archimedes principle it was determined the water line (Draught) Table 4., in two circumstances, with the dead and dry weight for freshwater (density 1000 kg/m 3 ), considering the regulation of minimum bulkhead [10].

Weight distribution on the boat
This process is crucial to determine all the component that are going to be or could be on the boat and knowing the total weight.

Transverse stability
A concept in terms of boat stability, in which it explains the distance from the center of gravity (G) should be always above the center of buoyancy (B). This is because when the boat make a heel move, a moment arm given by the distance (

Type of design category
The strictness and limit values to achieve in the stability and safety simulations are going to be determined by the design category of the boat [4], [6]. In Table 5 is shown the common operation areas and wave height depending of the design category.
The catamaran is going to operate in recreational lakes in optimal conditions, because of that the boat is going to be ruled by the design category type D.

STIX Analysis
One important criteria for different types of boats is the STIX analysis, these criteria analyze the form of the boat with the stability, this calculation take as inputs the dimensions of the boat, righting moment curve, as well as the approximate weight and the water line [2].
The number obtained by the design after solving the analysis, should be greater that Minimum STIX value, given depending of design category.
The STIX values of the catamaran obtain by software was 5.7, so it passed the STIX analysis (Table 7).
With the main dimensions of the yacht and its righting moment curve, STIX uses the demotions of the boat to proposes an equation which value obtained by the design must be grated than the value stablished for each one of the design categories.
yachts, such as fundamental principles of precaution and righting level. They develop different types of precautions to take care of depending the vessel you are designing.
As part of the eco-friendly solution that the project purpose, the hull is being made of natural fibers of ichu, a plant that grown above 3000 m.a.s.l. However, to be able to use this plant as a material is necessary a process where the lignite is removed of the plant by an alkaline process that requires about 5 hours and the final result in longitudinal fiber of ichu Fig. 16 [18].
The boat hull using natural fiber in his configuration, Fig. 15, is planned to be fabricated in a laboratory with a determined process to adhere the fibers with the polyester resin, that is compatible with the fiber of ichu. Nowadays there are different methods to the adhere the mention materials, each one achieving better uniformly properties around the surface, like vacuum chamber, spray lay-up and hand lay-up [17].
However, because the size of the catamaran and that the hull itself doesn't handles critical forces, the method of manufacture recommended is the hand land lay-up (In case of increasing the dimensions or interacting with more critical forces the manufacture method selected would be under vacuum test) [17].
The IMO standard, code intact stability IMO, an organization that manages the critical values of the stability criteria for different types of the Ichu as 350 MPa (longitudinal fi ber with alkaline process) [18]. Using a software of fi nite elements and stablishing the orientation of the fi bers (Fig.17) it was obtained that the surface could handle approximately 20 KPa.

Structural Resistance
In order to conserve the structural resitance through time and normal use, the catamaran have an intern structure, that helps the composite material exterior layers to resist side collitions and the impacts with other boats or plataforms.

Organization of the materials
One of the functions of the hull of the vessel is to displace water, so that the vessel by hydrostatic principles could fl oat, the displaced volume generates a pressure on the hull and the composite material, the material must handle this pressure. Th is pressure generated by the water to the vessel is obtained by the Equation 1 [1].
Th e maximum value of Pb was obtain in the lower part of the stern, the bottom of the ship, after analyzing in diff erent points.
Th e maximum pressure that the vessel requires to handle is 7.83 kPa.
Using the confi guration in Fig. 17, the next procedure was to determine if it was going to handle the pressure obtained. Considering a surface of 25 * 70 cm and the unitary properties    [18] (1) the volume between the keels is full. To extract the aquatic waste, the crew member just need to pull the frame of the mesh and collocate the duckweed in plastic bags to use them as fertilizer.
Th e maximum volume of seaweed that the catamaran could manage to extract is 0.0614 m 3 , this value depends of the size of the duckweed.
To estimate the power required in the boat, fi rst is important to establish the velocity that it has to reach. Mostly in small lakes, the maximum speed reached by small vessel is four knots [16].
From that point, it was necessary to use a power prediction method. For small dimensions' catamarans it could be used a monohull power prediction method as Van Oortmerssen [13], [19].
Th e method consists in interact the resistance of the    With the extraction and recollection system, is planned to use a mesh strainer, and take advantage of the particular form of the catamaran.
Th e system takes advantage of the forward inertia of the boat to position itself to the back of the catamaran and while the catamaran moves around the lake it collect and displace the duckweed, until

Extraction system
Motor Estimation Power water, the displacement capacity, the form of the wave made by the ship passing through and estimate the power required for diff erent speeds [13].
In Fig. 25 is shown the graph generated by Maxsurf resistance and how due drag forces the vessel requires certain power to exceed the 2.3 and the 3.55 knots, but then needs less power to obtain more speed.
Is important to considerate the maximum safety speed approximation by the length of a boat in perfect conditions, Equation 2 [1].
Th e maximum safety speed that the catamaran could achieve is 3.29 knots, approximately the minimum power required for that speed is 400 W.
An electric outboard propeller motor of 480W, manufactured by Intex was the engine selected for the catamaran.
In order to achieve one of the most important objectives of the project, the boat must have a power system that is energy friendly to the environment, for this the use of solar energy was chosen. Once selecting solar panels as the main source of power, it is important to consider the number of hours that the ship is going to operate.
By using a boat for the labor of extracting duckweed the estimated time of operation for the cleaning considering the dimensions of the catamaran is in Equation 3 .
Th e recreational lake selected is located in the city of Lima and has a surface area of 125 m 2 .
Th e catamaran will be equipped with 2 conventional 12 Volt batteries, Table 8.   To select the capacity of the solar panel, it was used the Equation 9.2. Th e variables where the consumption per day, a safety factor of twentyfi ve percent, the amount of radiation present in the place (HSE) and the effi ciency of the electrical components (90% was used) [11].
By applying the appropriate equations, it was possible to design an ecological catamaran using composite materials with natural fi bers (Ichu) for the construction of the hull and the confi guration of the equipment for the renewable energy source.
Th e critical values for the stability and security analysis were given for diff erent standards that vary according the type of vessel, dimensions, max. speed, application; So before starting any boat design is important to stablish the mentioned factors.
Th e system that collect and extract aquatic plants (duckweed) attached to the catamaran, is a perfect option for recreational lakes that have a heavy amounts of organic on inorganic fl oating waste, because it is perfect size, secure, stable, ecofriendly. However, by increasing the dimensions of the design and re-engineering their components it could be used as an alternative to cleaning the garbage patches in our oceans.