Naval and Oceanic Engineering : more than Ships and Offshore

Resumen Ingeniería Naval y Oceánica: más que Buques y Offshore Date Received: June 2nd 2017 Fecha de recepción: Junio 2 de 2017 Date Accepted: November 23th 2017 Fecha de aceptación: Noviembre 23 de 2017 Naval and Oceanic Engineering: more than Ships and Offshore 1 Instituto de Ciencias Navales y Marítimas. Universidad Austral de Chile. Email: msalas@uach.cl 2 Instituto de Ciencias Navales y Marítimas. Universidad Austral de Chile. Email: cristiancifuentes@uach.cl 3 Instituto de Ciencias Navales y Marítimas. Universidad Austral de Chile. Email: rluco@uach.cl 4 Instituto de Ciencias Navales y Marítimas. Universidad Austral de Chile. Email: astridsantander@uach.cl 5 Instituto de Ciencias Navales y Marítimas. Universidad Austral de Chile. Email: gonzalo.tampier@uach.cl 6 Instituto de Ciencias Navales y Marítimas. Universidad Austral de Chile. Email: claudio.troncoso@uach.cl 7 Instituto de Ciencias Navales y Marítimas. Universidad Austral de Chile. Email: efe011@gmail.com DOI: https://doi.org/10.25043/19098642.159

Th e Institute of Naval and Maritime Sciences has a long history of research and innovation.It has several laboratories, including its own hydrodynamic test channel.Many of its research eff orts make use of experimental methodologies using scale models.Traditionally, test channels have been used to determine vessel resistance and wave behavior, however, with the right instruments it can be used in objectives as diverse as measuring the effi ciency of wave energy converters [6] or tidal turbine forces.Th e experimental tests are also compared with computer simulations made with CFD tools.

Marine Energies
Th e ICNM is part of the recently created Center for Research and Innovation of Marine Energy (MERIC), a consortium composed of Universities and Research Centers funded by the Government of Chile with the express objective of promoting research in the fi eld of non-conventional renewable energies (NCRE).Th e work of the ICNM in this fi eld specifi cally consists of investigating the devices that capture wave energy [6], the so-called WEC (Wave Energy Converter) mechanisms and the capture of tidal energy [7].
Chile's energy demand has been growing in the last decades and it is expected to continue increasing with the development of the country.Conventional sources of renewable energy, such as traditional hydroelectric power plants, are almost fully exploited or exposed to strong opposition from environmental groups.In the current situation, more than half of the electricity required by Chile is produced by thermal power plants that burn oil, coal or gas.Th e Chilean government is fully aware of this vulnerability and is making eff orts to increase the contribution of other sources of renewable energy; it is intended that by 2025, 20% of the energy consumed in the country will come from NCRE.
Th e wave energy potential in Chile is among the largest in the world, with an energy potential that has been estimated between 164 and 240 GW [8].
Although signifi cant advances have been made in the development of wave energy converters (WEC) over recent years, they are still considered to be at an early stage of development, compared to other NCRE technologies, such as wind, hydroelectric or solar energy.
Th e region of the Chilean fj ords, between the 41º 30` and 55º parallels, is perhaps the most suitable for tidal projects, not only because the currents are strong and predictable, but also because there is almost no effi cient alternative.In this region there are many small towns and hundreds of fi sh farming centers, isolated and without access to the electricity grid.Here electricity is produced mainly by generators, sometimes during limited hours of the day.
Th is section shows the evaluation of a WEC, with a scale model, in which its response was measured under diff erent wave conditions in the test channel, as shown in Fig. 1.Th e experimental confi guration for the converter WEC consisted of two ultrasonic measuring instruments for incident waves and WEC movement, an adjustable damper connected to a load cell to measure force and data acquisition software (LabView).Th e experimental results were compared with the numerical results obtained by WAMIT in the form of transfer function and output power.Th e comparative are in accordance with the variation of the set of wave frequency parameters, wave height and damping factors as shown in Fig. 2. Th ese developments are the fi rst steps towards the specialization of this tank in and analysis environment using the blade element momentum method (BEM), allowing the design and dynamic calculation of the rotor blades.XFOIL is a free computer program that allows the distribution of pressures on the faces of the profile to be calculated together with its performance coefficients.The results obtained allow NREL profiles to be established with the characteristics that allow more efficient rotors to be designed in comparison with the NACA profiles.Figs. 3 and 4 show the results for both rotors.

Engineering Applications in Aquaculture
The development of large-scale aquaculture in countries such as Norway and Chile has led naval architects and ocean engineers to develop studies, both numerical and experimental, to determine the forces and corresponding deformation of flexible structures such as the nets used in floating cages.The culture centers, mainly for salmon, operate with Experimental hydrodynamics of marine renewable energy technologies.
In another aspect of marine energy research, the development of a hydrokinetic rotor is included in the evaluation of a horizontal axis rotor using NACA profiles, as well as NREL profiles (National Renewable Energy Laboratory).Different configurations of the profile along the propeller blades were used for the design of these rotors.Configurations were evaluated in terms of efficiency, structural integrity, and cavitation.The investigation consisted of a fluid-dynamic evaluation of the hydrokinetic rotor blades, considering the rotor running inside a diffuser.The performance evaluation was carried out using the blade element method and in the structural evaluation, using the finite element method.For the selection of the design, an optimization process was defined to determine the configuration of profiles that best meet the established design requirements.The results of this work show the need for design profiles that consider the exclusive requirements of its use in a hydrokinetic rotor.
For the realization of the fluid-dynamic analysis of the rotor, the Qblade program was used, a program that integrates XFOIL in a rotor design square or circular shape cages (Fig. 5), installed in protected areas such as bays and inside channels and fj ords, to avoid the eff ect of waves and currents present in the open sea.Th e feeding of the fi sh is done by automated systems installed on a pontoon as shown in Fig. 6.Th e basic components of the cages are: a fl oat that acts as a fl otation reserve to support the weight of the net and shapes the same, the net, which encloses the production volume where the fi sh and the ballast system are found, which extend the net and help to control the deformation of the same when faced with current loads.
Polyethylene), the rings that form the surface fl oat deform when facing wave loads, directly infl uencing the tensions in the mooring lines.
Additionally, the reduction of current speed when crossing networks, a phenomenon known as the shadow eff ect, adds complexity to numerical and experimental modeling.Th is eff ect has a direct impact on the volume available inside the cages [9].Several studies, including those covering the behavior of the fi sh inside the cages, biofouling on the nets and fl ow into the culture centers have been developed by various specialists to improve production in increasing the safety of these structures.
Th ere are several numerical methods for estimating the hydrodynamic response of cages.Th e nets have been modeled using consistent bar elements in a fi nite element model, panel elements and fi nite element models using bars and buoys that allow the submerged weight of the network to be adjusted to create a reduced model of elements that simulates the mechanical properties and inertial network in the physical model [9].An example of results obtained by the bar and buoy method can be seen in Fig. 7, which also includes the study of the density of elements in direct comparison with the deformation resulting from experimental tests.
Regarding the response of the cages to waves, it has been determined that the forces on the mooring lines are directly related to the wave height [10].In the face of combined wave and current eff ects, depending on the combination of height and wave period and current speed, the eff ect of wave loading can be of the same importance range as current charging, which implies a careful modeling of both eff ects.
In exposed areas, fi sh farms must operate autonomously with minimal human intervention and the cage anchoring system will be shared with the platform that houses equipment and food for the fi sh.Results obtained for systems exposed to extreme wave and current conditions, both in numerical models and fi eld tests, demonstrate the feasibility of the installation and operation of these structures and open the door for the future development of the industry in exposed areas [11].
Th e study of the hydrodynamic behavior of raft cages is complex due to the dependence between the drag force on the nets and the deformation of the same.In the same way, for circular cages constructed out of HDPE (High Density In the open sea conditions are optimal for fi sh due to the constant exchange of nutrients in the water column.Th e almost unlimited availability of space would allow the production of a greater volume of fi sh, in addition to opening up of areas to new species with greater commercial value.
Th e development of aquaculture depends on an increase in both numerical and experimental research and fi eld research, where naval and oceanic engineers can contribute their knowledge.Th e use of the knowledge gained in the design, construction and operation of ships and fl oating structures can and should be transferred to fi sh farms to ensure sustainable and sustainable development in off shore aquaculture.

Autonomous Submarine Vehicles
Unmanned underwater vehicles are divided into ROVs (Remote Operated Vehicles or remotely operated vehicles), devices connected via a cable to a station or surface vessel; AUVs (Autonomous Underwater Vehicles or autonomous underwater vehicles) that operate autonomously and without physical connection to the surface, which use some form of artifi cial intelligence; and a third group of hybrid vehicles that is a combination of the previous two.
One of the lines of research in force at the ICNM is the development of an autonomous submarine vehicle or AUV.Design criteria were established based on a proposed oceanographic study for a coastal area of Chile (39º 48'30 ''S 73º14'30''W), which covers the entire continental shelf of said geographical area (4100 Km 2 ).Th e maximum distance from the coast is 26 NM, while the minimum distance is 16 NM, with depths reaching up to 200 m.Th e device must be able to navigate without human intervention from the coast to the limit of the platform, to later return.
Th e basic design has a length of 2 m with a circular master section of 160 mm in diameter, with a cylindrical central watertight compartment of 1 m in length, watertight lids at its ends and two fl ooded compartments of 0.5 m at both ends.To date, a prototype tele operated in the Hydrodynamic Test Channel of the Universidad Austral has been tested with successful results in mechanical and hydrodynamic systems tests.A second prototype is currently under construction in accordance with the preliminarily design requirements established and that will be able to perform missions in open and protected waters.
Given the characteristics of the environment, it is extremely diffi cult to establish communication with a ground station since salt water cancels the electromagnetic signals, while acoustic systems are expensive and limited in their range of operation.Moreover, the signals of the global positioning systems can only be obtained on the surface, so when submerging the AUV must use the other onboard measuring devices to navigate by estimating control signals.
Th e AUV in development will have an artifi cial intelligence system to navigate without human intervention and only using an initial programming defi ned by the user.Th e basis of this system is software capable of processing the information coming from sensors (accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, sonar, GPS, etc.) and can, therefore, generate useful control signals to achieve the fulfi llment of the mission.
Th e device has a multipurpose area in the bow for the assembly of measurement equipment, either cameras to capture images or sensors for measuring environmental parameters.Th is area has been specifi cally designed so that the device can serve any type of user.
Th e potential of the platform includes substantially improving the environmental monitoring capabilities sustained over time and greater effi ciency, which will benefi t aquaculture companies, government entities and port agencies, in addition to others.

Solar energy for small electric propulsion boats
Th e main disadvantage of electric propulsion systems in smaller ships lies in the limited capacity to store energy on board, due to the large weight and volume of batteries required.For this reason the power of the engine is generally modest and consequently the speed of the boat it is relatively low compared to what could be achieved by a conventional propulsion system based on an internal combustion engine.Th is is the reason why electric propulsion in smaller vessels is almost exclusively limited to displacement hulls in the low speed range, where the resistance to advancement is minimal.
Th e advantages of electric propulsion are; a very quiet operation, without the emission of pollutants to the environment and virtually no maintenance of the engines, compared to internal combustion engines, which must be subject to periodic preventive maintenance, in addition to being permanently subject to potential damage of parts due to failure of lubrication, cooling and corrosion, which directly aff ects the operating costs of the engine.On the other hand, the limited autonomy that depends on the storage capacity of the batteries, can be increased by having on-board photovoltaic panels, normally on fl at surfaces in roofs or ceilings.Th is allows the batteries to be recharged continuously, provided natural light is available.
Having recognized the advantages and disadvantages of electric propulsion, this section shows a vessel in operation for the transport of passengers in the city of Valdivia.Table 1 shows the main characteristics of the boat that was built by Alwoplast shipyards (www.alwoplast.cl).
Th e boat has been designed with the minimum possible displacement and for this purpose the hull is constructed from composite materials.Its main use is the daytime transportation of passengers in the rivers of the city of Valdivia.Trips are limited to a few hours and the battery bank has been sized to provide the necessary energy for each trip, at the end of which the boat returns to its base port in the city.Naval and Oceanic Engineering: more than Ships and Offshore A roof covered with photovoltaic panels has been designed, see Fig. 10, normally placing a heavy weight on deck that could be a problem for the stability of the boat.However, this moderate weight is amply compensated by the greater weight of the battery bank, conveniently located as low as possible.The panels continually recharge the batteries during the trip in daytime conditions.Notwithstanding the above, recharging batteries during the trip is not necessary, if at the beginning of the trip the batteries are at full capacity.
There is also the possibility of recharging the bank during the night connecting a charger to the local electrical network.This is not necessary if the boat stays the next day in port, with the load being achieved through solar panels, without incurring electricity costs.The electric propulsion is extremely silent, which is especially advantageous in a passenger vessel.
Currently there are 3 vessels with solar propulsion operating in Valdivia.The results, after several years of operation have been satisfactory, which means that the costs of maintenance and operation of the propulsion system are practically null.Passengers are extremely satisfied with the silent and non-polluting navigation.

Design of floating ports for remote areas
The south of Chile is an area of extreme difficulty of access, the existence of thousands of islands and canals makes the construction of roads extremely difficult and in many cases maritime transport is the main supply route, and ports and appropriate conditions must be provided to ensure the connectivity of those regions.The Government of Chile has developed a connectivity program for remote regions that, among other solutions, has favored the construction of floating ports.
According to Tsinker [5], it is advisable to install a floating dock where: • It has protected waters, where the waves generated by the wind or the movement of boats do not exceed 1 to 1.5 m in height, • Where the soil quality does not allow foundations for fixed structures.• The change in sea levels is high due to the large difference in tides.• In seismic zones, since floating docks are less affected by earth movements during an earthquake.

Main components of a floating port
The main components of a floating port are the following: • Floating pontoon The access bridge is the connection between the pontoon and the coast, which must be designed to provide an effective solution for the traffic of vehicles, cargo and people.Considering that there are variations in the water level (changes of tide in the sea, changes of seasonal levels in lakes and rivers) in the site of the bridge, the use of articulations should be considered in its design, allowing the bridge to vary the position from the end on which it is resting on the pontoon.In addition to its design, special care must be taken in verifying the angle of inclination reached by the bridge in the different water level conditions.
The pontoon mooring system must allow the safe and efficient operation of the floating dock, keeping the dock in a stable relative position with respect to the access bridge.Mooring systems can be composed of elements that are deployed on the coast or offshore, which can be of anchor line type, anchor pillars or articulated beams.
In addition to the static analysis of the load on the pontoons, the dynamic effects must also be considered, environmental loads such as waves or the effect of wind must be considered.The dynamic analysis of the movement of ships is well documented, however, for floating structures the problem has additional variables.Due to the complex interaction between the floating structures, the anchoring and the fluid medium, it is advisable, in addition to the analytical studies and numerical simulations, to carry out experimental tests with scale models, considering the characteristic waves and the bathymetry of the place where a floating port is proposed.It is important to determine the significant wave height and period that determines the closure of the port due to unsafe operating conditions, taking as a criterion the limits that ensure comfortable work on the floating port.for which the limits defined in Table 2 can be taken as an example.In addition to establishing criteria for the closure of port operations, the floating structure must be designed to survive extreme conditions that ensure its useful life, for example, 100 years.Fig. 13 shows wave tests for a floating port in southern Chile, under typical conditions imposed by the zone fetch, 13a, and Fig. 13b shows waves with a return period of 100 years.
It is clear that professional training must be flexible enough to adapt to the new challenges that Naval and Oceanic Engineers needs to address.The experience of the labor market in Chile indicates that the training is comprehensive and appropriate for the requirements of the industry.In Chile there are many Naval Engineers developing vessels and systems for aquaculture, including high speed vessels for transporting personnel, control and habitability pontoons, automatic pneumatic feeding systems capable of feeding hundreds of thousands of fish, wellboats capable of transporting live salmon under controlled PH conditions with optimum temperature and oxygenation.Innovation in aquaculture is through the application of various buoyant materials, new environmentally friendly antifouling systems, safer anchoring systems and the projection of the industry indicates that the  future trend is to develop offshore systems that will be able to withstand exposed sea conditions.More recently, the need to take advantage of new sources of renewable energy makes it possible for Naval Engineers to design systems to obtain energy from the waves and currents generated by the tides in Chilean channels.It is difficult to predict what new challenges will exist for the future generations of Naval and Oceanic Engineers, perhaps the only sure thing to affirm is that Naval and Oceanic Engineering is a profession that must always provide innovative solutions for the benefit of society and the environment.

Fig. 11 .
Fig. 11.Effect of moving a load on pontoons with different buoyancy reserves

Table 1 .
Main characteristics of the solar boat